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ÉLITE FRANÇAISE N
NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020

ﻰﺿﺎﻤﻟا لﺪﺟو ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا

ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟاو

ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟاو ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻖﻟﺎﺨﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﻴﻔﻴﻧ.د.أ :ﻢﻠﻘﺑ*

ﺔﻓﻼﺧ ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ لﺪﻌﻟا ءﺎﺳرا ﻰﻓ ةﻮﺒﻨﻟا جﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺪﻬﻌﻟا اﺬﻫأﺪﺑو "ﺔﻳاﺪﺒﻟا" ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا
ﷲ ﲆﺻ) ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻰﺒﻨﻟا ةﺎﻓﻮﻟ ﱃوﻷا ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟا ﺬﻨﻣ :
وأ ﻦﻳﺮﻜﻔﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ءاﻮﺳ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻆﺤﺗ ﻢﻟ (ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ
ب ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو،"ﻪﺑ ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺳو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻆﻔﺤﻟ"
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of
Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
،"ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﺖﻴﻈﺣ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻣ لﺪﺠﻟاو فﻼﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺪﻘﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ
ﲆﻋ ﻢﻫو "ﻦﻳﺪﺷاﺮﻟا ءﺎﻔﻠﺨﻟا"ب ﺎﻫؤﺎﻔﻠﺧ فﺮﻋو "ةﺪﺷاﺮﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا"
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
:ﱃاﻮﺘﻟا
ﲆﻋ و ،نﺎﻔﻋ ﻦﺑ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ،بﺎﻄﺨﻟا ﻦﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ ،ﻖﻳﺪﺼﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻮﺑأ strong نﻮﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا عﺮﻫ ﺚﻴﺣ
"ﺮﻣﻷا" "ارﺎﺼﻧأ"و "ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ"
engendered much disagreement and debate among Muslims – However, اﺬﻫ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻟ of time and the winds of change in
.ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﻰﺑأ ﻦﺑ
the
passage
,ﻖﻳﺪﺼﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻰﺑأ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﺑ ﻢﺴﺣ ىﺬﻟا
ﻚﻠﺗ نأ ﲆﻋ ﻰﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا فﺮﻌﻟا راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﲆﻋو
لﻮﺳر ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ"ب ﺐﻘﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ لوأ
ﻞﺜﻤﻟاو ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﲆﻋ لﺎﺜﻤﻛ ﻪﻴﻟإ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ىﺬﻟا جذﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻰﻫ ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻟا the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
as
succession
intellectuals
whether
or
issue
the
or
–
masses
of
اﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺐ "ﷲ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ" ﺐ "ﷲ
ﻦﻣ سوؤﺮﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﺗو فﻮﻴﺴﻟا ﻞﺴﺗ نأ ﻊﻨﻤﻳ ﻢﻟ اﺬﻫ نأ ﻻإ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا debate for ﻃﺎﺨﻳ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟا نآﺮﻘﻟا ﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺈﻓ groups emerged ﻘﻟ ﺎﻣأ
political
with
until
a
while
Islamist
who
The
Muslims
“khilafah.
”
had
Madinah
emigrated
to
"ىﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻨﺘﻔﻟا" ب ﺖﻴﻤﺳ ﻪﻤﻴﻈﻋ ﺔﻨﺘﻓ ﻊﻘﺗو ﺎﻬﻠﺟأ
their goal of reviving the caliphate. ﻲﺒﻧ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ
(“muhajiroon ”) and the natives of the city who had supported the ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﻃﺎﺨﻳ ﻢﻟو لﻮﺳرو (ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﲆﺻ)
تدﺮﺳ ﺪﻘﻟو ،

ﻦﻴﺑ قﺎﻔﺗﻹﺎﺑ ﺖﻬﺘﻧا ﻰﺘﺣ ﻪﻨﺘﻔﻟا ﻚﻠﺘﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ثاﺪﺣﻷا ﺦﻳرﺎﺘﻟا ﺐﺘﻛ Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
ﻦﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ) ﻰﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨﻟا ﺾﻓر ﺪﻗو ،ضرﻷا ﻰﻓ ﻪﻟ ﻞﻇ وأ
"ﻪﻠﻟ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ"
embraced
Islam
discuss
“ansar
Prophet
(
”)
rushed
to
and
this
ﺔﻳوﺎﻌﻤﻟ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ نأ ﲆﻋ نﺎﻴﻔﺳ ﻰﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﺔﻳوﺎﻌﻣو ﲆﻋ ﻦﺑ ﻦﺴﺤﻟا concept? The ﺐﻘﻠﺑ هودﺎﻧ ﺎﻤﻟو ﺐﻘﻠﻟا اﺬﻬﺑ ﺪﺣأ ﻪﺒﻃﺎﺨﻳ نأ (بﺎﻄﺨﻟا
among
constant
view
majority
the
of
Muslims
ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ"
the
when
Abu
Bakr
which
issue,
assumed
al-Siddiq
settled
was
.ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻳ ﻢﺛ known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a "ﷲ لﻮﺳر
form
of
ﻰﻓو،"ﻦﻴﻨﻣﺆﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻣأ ﻪﺒﻘﻟ نﺎﻜﻓ لﻮﻄﻳ ﺮﻣأ اﺬﻫ نا ﺪﺟو
"
position and was the first to hold the title of successor of the
،ضرﻷا ﻰﻓ ﻪﻠﻟ ﻼﻇ ﺪﺣأ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻰﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺾﻓر لاﻮﺣﻷا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other title of
ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻪﻗﺎﻔﺗا ﺔﻳوﺎﻌﻣ ﺾﻘﻧ : "ﻚﻠﻣ" ﱃإ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" بﻼﻘﻧاو ﺔﻳوﺎﻌﻣ رﻮﺼﻌﻟا ﺎﺑوروأ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻋ ىﺬﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻬﻟﻹا ﻖﺤﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﻟﺎﻓ
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
al-Allah, ٌ
that
see
we
”
God
of
successor
the
Quran
“khalifat
the
laying
of
foundations
of
the
following
Prophet
method
’s
"ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا"ب ﺮﺛﺄﺘﺳاو ﻢﻟو ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳإ تﻻﺎﺣ ﻰﻓ ﻻإ ﻰﻣﻼﺳﻹاﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﱃإ قﺮﻄﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟا
هﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﻟا ﺬﺧأو ﻰﺛارو
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
"ﻚﻠ ُ ﻣ" ﱃإ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻗ ﻢﺛ
.ﺮﻜﻔﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻼﻴﺻأ ﺎﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ اﺪﺑأ ﻦﻜﻳ
a ﺖﻐﻠﺑ ﺪﻗو "ﺔﻳﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا"ب ﺔﻓوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻟا تأﺪﺑ ﻪﺑو ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﻪﻨﺑﻹ justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
successor
shadow
And
or
Allah
His
of
on
Earth.
the
second
caliph, هﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻣو ﻚﻠﻤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ مﺎﺸﻫ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻰﻓ ﺎﻬﻟ عﺎﺴﺗا ﻰﺼﻗأ religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
بد
be
bin
Khattab,
described
Omar
refused
to
as
such,
اﻮﺒﻠﻐﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ عاﺮﺻ ﻰﻓ نﻮﻴﺳﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻞﺧدو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﻰﻓ ﻒﻌﻀﻟا era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
لﻮﺣ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟاو ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟا لﺪﺠﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﱃإ دﻮﻌﻧ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا لﺪﺟ
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al- :
ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" تأﺪﺑو ﻦﻴﻴﺳﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﱃإ ﻦﻴﻳﻮﻣﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا ﺖﻠﻘﺘﻧاو ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, "ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ﺔﻴﻀﻗ
in
were,
who
ﺎﻬﻟﻮﺣ ﻦﻣ روﺪﻳ ﻰﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﻰﺘﻟا
mo ’mineen ” when he found that the title of successor of the
"ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺒﻌﻟا طﻮﻘﺳ ﺬﻨﻤﻓ ،ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣو ﺎﻤﻳﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﺷﺎﻘﻧو تﺎﻓﻼﺧو ﺮﻜﻓو لﺪﺟ
Omar
Bakr
al-Siddiq,
of
bin
succession,
order
Abu
Khattab,
ﺔﻤﺻﺎﻋداﺪﻐﺑ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻤﻴﻈﻋ ﺎﻳرﺎﻀﺟ ﺎﻧﺄﺷ ﺖﻐﻠﺑو
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
ﺪﻳ ﲆﻋ لاوز ﱃإ ﺎﻫﺮﻣأ لآ نأ ﱃإ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟاو ﻢﻠﻌﻠﻟ ةرﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا
تﺎﻴﻨﻳﺮﺸﻋ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا ءﺎﻬﻧإ نﻼﻋإو "ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻌﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا "
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
ﻦﻴﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻌﻟا كاﺮﺗﻷا ﺪﻳ ﲆﻋ ىﺮﺧأ ةﺮﻣ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣإ ﺪﻴﻋأ ﻢﺛ ،لﻮﻐﻤﻟا ﺐﻘﻟ لﻮﺣو مﻮﻬﻔﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ءﺎﻴﺣإ لﻮﺣ ﻊﻄﻘﻨﻳ ﻢﻟ لﺪﺠﻟاو ﻰﺿﺎﻤﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
hence, the divine right to rule that Europe knew during the
"ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻌﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ﺖﻠﻇو the model to be referenced as an example of the application of
ﻰﻓ ﺎﻫؤﺎﻬﺘﻧا ﻦﻠﻌﻳ نأ ﻞﺒﻗ نوﺮﻗ ةﺪﻋ
"
ةﻮﻘﺑ ﻪﺠﺗا ﻦﻣﺰﻟا روﺮﻣو ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟا حﺎﻳر ﻦﻜﻟ ........ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ"
Middle Ages never made its way into Islamic thought save for
ﺮﺻﺎﻋ ﺪﻗ ﻰﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا نأ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ رﺪﺠﻳو ﻰﺿﺎﻤﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﻴﻨﻳﺮﺸﻋ لﺪﺠﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻞﻌﺟ ىﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا،ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻤﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻮﺤﻧ
this
did
not
sword
values,
fighting
Islamic
prevent
and
"ﺔﻓﻼﺧ" ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ كﺎﻨﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ تﺎﻓﻼﺨﻟا دﺪﻌﺗ beheadings from "ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا" تﺎﻋﺎﻤﺟ رﻮﻬﻇ ﻦﻴﺣ ﱃإ ﺖﻔﺨﻳ ”
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this
Strife
the
Great
to
leading
“fitna.
occurring
ﱃﺈﻓ ،ﺪﺣاو ﺖﻗو ﻰﻓ
ﻦﻣ ﺖﻠﻌﺟ ﻰﺘﻟا
"ﺔﻳﻮﻣﻷا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" كﺎﻨﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،داﺪﻐﺒﺑ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ﺐﻧﺎﺟ History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
"ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ةدﻮﻋ
thought.
مﻮﻬﻔﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ... نذإ .ﺎﻬﻟ ﺎﻓﺪﻫ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻴﺣإو
(ﺶﻳﺮﻗ ﺮﻘﺻ) ﻞﺧاﺪﻟا ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺴﺳأ ﻰﺘﻟا ﺲﻟﺪﻧﻷﺎﺑ with ﻦﻴﻓوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا رﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟا ﻰﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا هرﻮﻄﺗو
ﻪﺑوﺮﻫ ﺪﻌﺑ the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
ﻞﻫﺄﺑ" :
ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا"تﺮﺻﺎﻋ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ،ﻖﺸﻣﺪﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﻮﻣﻷا طﻮﻘﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻴﻴﺳﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ "ﺔﻨﺴﻟا
in
debate:
and
old
continued
alike,
The
times
the
modern
issue
former
succeeded
Hassan
the
bin
caliphate
Ali
the
to
be
giving
لﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﻢﻟو ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ادﺎﻬﺘﺟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ "ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" نأ
"ﺔﻴﻤﻃﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟا" ﺲﻟﺪﻧﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﻮﻣﻷا ، ﻢﻫرﺎﻴﺘﺧاو ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ىرﻮﺷو ىأر ﻊﺿﻮﻟا نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻧإو ﻪﻔﻠﺨﻴﻟ اﺪﺣأ
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
بﺮﻐﻤﻟا دﻼﺑ ﻰﻓ تﺄﺸﻧ ﻰﺘﻟا by the latter.
ﺰﻌﻤﻟا ﺪﻬﻋ ﻰﻓو ،مﺎﺸﻟاو ﺮﺼﻣ ﱃإ تﺪﺘﻣاو ىﺪﻬﻤﻟا ﷲ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ ﺪﻳ ﲆﻋ Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
19