Page 25 - issue-25-fr

ÉLITE FRANÇAISE N
NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020

ﺔﻛﺮﻌﻣ

نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ

ةﺮﺳﺎﺨﻟا

ﻢﺻﺎﻋ ءﺎﻴﻠﻋ

ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﱃإ ﻮﻋﺪﺗ ﺔﻠﻤﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹا ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟا ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ داور ﻖﻠﻃأو ﺮﻣ ﲆﻋ تﺎﻤﺠﻬﻟاو تاءاﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻓ مﻼﺳﻹا ﻪﺟاو
ﻢﺛ ﻦﻣو ،مﻼﺳﻺﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻤﻟا نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ تاءﺎﺳإ ﲆﻋ اًدر ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا مﺎﻗ ﺪﻘﻓ تﺎﻤﺠﻬﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ سﺮﺷأ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﺦﻳرﺎﺘﻟا
ﺖﺒﻟﺎﻃ ﺔﻴﻧوﺎﻌﺘﻟا تﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻟا تارادإ ﺲﻟﺎﺠﻣ ﱃإ ﺎًﺑﺎﺘﻛ لﺎﺳرﺈﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟا ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا تاءﺎﺳﻹاو تﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ دﺪﻌﺑ اًﺮﺧﺆﻣ "نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﻧﺎﻤﻳإ"
قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﻓرو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟاو ﻊﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻤﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻼﺧ ﺎﻫﺎﺼﻗأ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺪﻗو ،ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ءﺎﺤﻧأ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا تﺰﻔﺘﺳا
.عوﺮﻔﻟاو ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا "ﻲﺗﺎﺑ ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺻ" مﻼﺳﻺﻟ ءﻲﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﺑﺄﺗ ﻞﻔﺣ
ﱃإ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا عﻮﺒﺳﻷا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻄﻗ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﻘﻠﻋو
يﺬﻟا
ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟاو ةﺮﻴﺧﻷا ثاﺪﺣﻷا تاﺪﺠﺘﺴﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺎ ً ﻔﻄﻋ ﻚﻟذو ،ﻰﻤﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻞﺟأ ﻪﻣﺎﻴﻗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺸﻴﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﺪﻳ ﲆﻋ ﻒﻴﻨﻋ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﻓ اًﺮﺤﻧ ﻞﺘﻗ ُ
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of ةءﺎﺳﻹﺎﺑ (ص) ﺪﻤﺤﻣ لﻮﺳﺮﻠﻟ ﺔﺌﻴﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻴﺗﺎﻜﻳرﺎﻛ رﻮﺻ ضﺮﻌﺑ
اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ " :ﺮﺘﻳﻮﺗ ﲆﻋ ﺎﻬﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻗ هزﻮﻣرو مﻼﺳﻺﻟ ةﺪﻤﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﺼﻓ ﻲﻓ
ُ
Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
:ً
زﻮﻣﺮﻟاو تﺎﺳﱠﺪﻘﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺎﺑ ٍ سﺎﺴﻣ يأ ﱠ نأ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ةرادإ ﺪ ﱢ ﻛﺆﺗ ،دﺪﺼﻟا نﻷ ﻞﺘﻗ "ﻲﺗﺎﺑ ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺻ" نإ" ﻼﺋﺎﻗ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ حﺮﺻ ﺪﻗو ،ﻲﺳارد
upon ﱠ
Prophet Mohammed (peace be him), no other issue has concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﱡﺮ ُ ﻀﺗ تاءﺎﺳﻹا هﺬﻬﻓ ،ﺎ ً ﻴﺋﺎﻬﻧ لﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ٌﺮﻣأ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻦﻟ ﻢﻬﻧأ نﻮﻓﺮﻌﻳو ﺎﻨﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﲆﻋ ذاﻮﺤﺘﺳﻻا نوﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻦﻴﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا
تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻛﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ئدﺎﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا فﺎﺿأ ﺎﻤﻛ ."ﻪﻠﺜﻣ ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻲﻨﺌﻤﻄﻣ لﺎﻄﺑأ دﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻢﻫداﺮﻣ ﲆﻋ اﻮﻠﺼﺤﻳ
Muslims
among
and
engendered
debate
much
–
disagreement
change
of
the
in
passage
strong
time
winds
However,
and
of
the
."ةﺮﺻﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﻟا ﺮﻘﻬﻘﺗ نإو ﻰﺘﺣ تاﺮﻴﺗﺎﻜﻳرﺎﻜﻟاو تﺎﻣﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﻦﻋ اﻮﻠﺨﺘﻳ ﻦﻟ ﻢﻬﻧأ
whether intellectuals or masses – as the issue of succession or the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
ﺔﻠﻗو لوﺎﻄﺗ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ مﻼﻛ نﺎﻏودرأ ﻲﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟا ﻒﺻو ﺎﻤﻛ
ﺔﻴﻫاﺮﻛو ﺔﻳﺮﺼﻨﻌﻠﻟ ﻮﻋﺪﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ تاءاﺮﺟإ ﻦﻴﻘﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻒﺻوو .بدأ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻳرﻮﻬﻤﺠﻟا ﲆﻋ ﺐﺠﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا صﺮﻔﻟا ﻞﻛ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺘﺑ نﻮﻣﻮﻘﻴﺳو
debate
while
a
until
for
emerged
with
Islamist
groups
political
emigrated
who
to
Madinah
The
Muslims
”
“khilafah.
had
ﻞﻛ ﻊﻣ نﻮﻠﺻاﻮﻴﺳ ﻢﻬﻧأو ،ﺶﻴﻤ
(“muhajiroon ﻲﻋّﺪﻳ" نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ نأ ﺮﺧﻷا ﺾﻌﺒﻟا فﺎﺿأو ،ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟاو مﻼﺳﻹا their goal of reviving the caliphate.ﻬﺗ وأ ﺰﻴﻴﻤﺗ نود بﺎﺒﺸﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻤﻳﺪﻘﺗ
ﻦﻴﺑ قّﺮﻔﻳ ﻪﻧأ ”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
،ﻦﻴﻨﺛﻻا يدﺎﻌﻳ ﺮﻣﻷا ﻊﻗاو ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو ،فﺮﻄﺘﻤﻟا مﻼﺳﻹاو لﺪﺘﻌﻤﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷا

Prophet and embraced Islam ( “ansar ”) rushed to discuss this ﻢﻠﻈﻤﻟا ﻪﻘﺷو هﺪﺠﻣ ﺦﻳرﺎﺘﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻟاو
' ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻓﻮﻣﻼﺳﻹا ' ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻا رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو فﻮﺨﻟا ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺗ' ﺔﺳﺎﻴ ِ ﺳ ﻰّﻨﺒﺘﻳو ﺔﻳار هدﻼﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺳ و ﺮﻜﻔﻟاو حوﺮﻟاو ﻰﻘﻴﺳﻮﻤﻟاو بدﻷا نﻮﻤﻠﻌﻴﺳو
'
concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
the
when
assumed
settled
ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻓﺮ ِ ﺻ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا بﺎﺒﺳﻷ ،ﺎ ً ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﺑﺮﻐﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ﺎﺑوروأ ﻲﻓ ﺎ ً ﻴﻟﺎﺣ ةﺮﺸﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻪﻧأ ﲆﻋ "ﻲﺗﺎﺑ ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺻ" ﻒﺻﻮﺑ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ مﺎﻗ ﺪﻗو .ﺎ ً ﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا
Bakr
issue,
Abu
which
al-Siddiq
was
the ّ
ﺎﻳاﻮﻧو ﻂﻄﺧ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗ لﻼﺧ بﺮﻋأ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺮﺤﻠﻟ اًﺰﻣر
ﺎﻤﻬﻇﻮﻈﺣ ﺪﻋﺎﺼﺘﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻠﻟا فﺮﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟاو ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻤُﻬﺳأ ﻊُﺟاﺮﺗ known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
the
first
hold
successor
of
to
title
was
of
the
position
and
" ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻃأ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻬﺟاﻮﻤﻟ ﺔﻣاﺮﺻ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ ﻦﺴﻟ
title ﻴﺒﻌﺷو
."مﺎّﻳﻷا هﺬﻫ ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا يأﺮﻟا طﺎﺳوأ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﺘ ّ diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other of
ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺼﻔﻧﻻا
ً
ﻰﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟا ﲆﻋ ةﺪﻳاﺰﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻏﺮﻳ ﻪﻧأ ﱃإ هﺬﻫ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻊﺟرأ ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺎﻓ ﻢﻫدﺪﻋ رﺪﻘُﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻣ نأ ﺔﺣاﺮﺻ ﻦﻠﻋأو ،"ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
successor of God “khalifat al-Allah, ” we see that the Quran
.دﺎﻀﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺮﻄﺧ نﻮﻠﺜﻤﻳ ﺔﻤﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﻳﻼﻣ ﺔﺘﺳ ﻲﻟاﻮﺤﺑ
.مدﺎﻗ ﻰﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳا ىأ ﻰﻓ ﻦﻴﺒﺧﺎﻨﻟا ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﻀﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ فﺮﻄﺘﻤﻟا following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
هﺬﻫ
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
تاءاﺮﺟإو ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ ﺮﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺘﻛ تءﺎﺟ مﻼﺳﻺﻟ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﻦﻣ ةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ةءﺎﺳﻹا justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
to مﺎﻴﻗ ﻚﻟذ ﺐﻘﻋأو
on
And
the
Earth.
second
or
Allah
shadow
His
تاﻮﻄﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ اﻮﻠﺸﻓ ﺎﻣﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺪﺿ يﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻃ تاذ religion ﻦﻣ دﺪﻋ ﻖﻠﻐﺑ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا it. Thus, this
successor
of
a
worldly
and
according
manage
ﺪﺟﺎﺴﻤﻟا
affairs
caliph, ً
ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫو ﺎﺴﺋﺎﻳ نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ نﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻬﺠﻣﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺻﻹا ﺐﻀﻏ ﱃإ ىدأ ﺎﻤﻣ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ٍدﺎﻧ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺮﻴﺨﻟا تﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻟاو
as
Khattab,
bin
to
Omar
such,
be
described
refused
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
ً
ً
opting اًﺮﺧﺆﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻊﺟاﺮﺗ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو فﺮﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﺒﻌﺷ هﺪﻘﻓأ رﺎﺛأو ،نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ مﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ةﺮﻜﻨﺘﺴﻣو ةﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ تاﻮﺻﻷاو ءارﻵا ﺪﻋﺎﺼﺗو
اًﺮﻈﻧ instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al-
caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
’mineen ﻢﻠﻈﻠﻟ ضﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺎًﺣﺮﺼﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا لود ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻬﺟاو ﻲﺘﻟا طﻮﻐﻀﻠﻟ نأ مﺎﻳأ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺮﺒﺘﻋا ﺮﻫزﻷا ﺦﻴﺷ نأ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺐﻀﻏ ﻚﻟذ
ةءﺎﺳإ ﻢﺗو
mo ” when he found that the title of successor of the order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
.ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ٌ
ٍ
ﻪﻨﻳد ةءﺎﺳﺈﺑ مﺎﻗ ﺮﺧأ ٍ ﺺﺨﺸﻟ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺸﻴﺷ ءﻰﺟﻻ ﻞﺘﻗ ﲆﻋ دﺮﻟاو ﺔﻓزﺎﺠﻣو ،ﻒﻴﻨﺤﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا اﺬﻬﺑ ﻞﻬﺟ ﻦﻋ ﱡ ﻢُﻨَﻳ بﺎﻫرﻹﺎﺑ مﻼﺳﻹا ُ ﻒﺻو":
ٌ
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic
ٌ
ﻦﻳد تاﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﲆﻋ ىﺪﻌﺘﻳ نأ نﺎﻛ ﺺﺨﺷ يﻷ ﻖﺤﻟا ﻲﻄﻌﻳ ﻻ ةﺪﻤﻌﺘﻣ ةءﺎﺳإ ﺔﻴﻫاﺮﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﺤﻳﺮﺻ ةﻮﻋدو ،ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵا ةﺪﻴﻘﻋ ماﺮﺘﺣا ﺎﻫرﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﻲﻓ ﺬﺧﺄﺗ ﻻ
Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
shadow
ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﺗو ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟاو مﻼﺳﻺﻟ ﺔﻳدﺎﻌﻣ بﺮﻐﻟا لود ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻲﻫ ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻔﻓ ،ﺮﺧأ ِ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻤﻟ ٌﻪﻳﺮﻛ ٌزاﺰﻔﺘﺳاو ،ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟا نوﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺸﺣو ﱃإ ٌعﻮﺟرو ،ﻒﻨﻌﻟاو
the
thought
’s
of
notion
God
on
rejected
Earth;
has
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
يأ ﲆﻋ يﺪﺘﻌﻤﻟا لﻮﻘﻟا ﺢﺻ نإ ﻦﻜﻟو ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻄﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا نأ ﺔﺠﺤﺑ ﻪﻣﺪﻫ ﻦﻴﺗﺪﻴﺳ ﻦﻌﻃ ﺔ referenced as an example of the application بﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ
be ﺛدﺎﺣ هروﺪﺑ ﺮﻜﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﻤﻛ ٍﻢﻠﺴﻣ يرﺎﻴﻠﻣ ﻦﻣ ُ
knew
during
to
the
rule
that
the
Europe
divine
right
hence,
model
the
of
to
."
Ages ﺔﻳﺮﺤﻓ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻋ فﺮﻄﺘﻟا ﻮﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻘﻨﺘﻌﻣ تاﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣو ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻧﺎﻳد
Middle never made its way into Islamic thought save for
تاﺪﻘﺘﻌﻤﻟا ﻪﻔﺻو يﺬﻟا ثدﺎﺤﻟا نادأو ،ﺲﻳرﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻤﺻﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﺘﻤﻠﺴﻣ
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ وأ ﻪﺑ سﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺐﺠﻳ ﻻ ﺮﻴﻐﻟا قﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻖﺣو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﺟاو ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻣاﺮﺘﺣاو ."ﺾﻴﻐﺒﻟا ﻲﺑﺎﻫرﻹا"ــﺑ
leading ٍ
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this ﺮﻫزﻸﻟ ﻲﻤﺳﺮﻟا بﺎﺴﺤﻟا هﺮﺸﻧ ﻪﻟ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻖﻓوو
beheadings from occurring to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
ﺔﺿﻮﻓﺮﻤﻟا تﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺘﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻤﺑ جوﺮﺨﻟا نوﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺬﺧﺆﻳو ،ﻪﺑﺎﺤﺻأ ثداﻮﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺟاودزﻻا نأ ﱃ ﲆﻋ ﺮﻫزﻷا ﺪﻛأ ،ﺮﺘﻳﻮﺗ ﲆﻋ
thought.
ﻞﻀﻓأ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟا لﻮﺳﺮﻠﻟ ﺔﺌﻴﺴﻤﻟا مﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﺮﺸﻧ ﻲﻓ راﺮﻤﺘﺳﻼﻟ ةﻮﻋﺪﻟاو ﻦﻣ اًﻮﺟ ﻖﻠﺨﻳو ،ﺐﻴﻌﻣو ﺰﺨﻣ ﺮﻣأ ﻮﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﻳﺪﻟ ﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﻫرﻹا
this
ended
events
that
narrated
strife
the
of
History
books
have
بﻮﻌﺸﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﻴﻫاﺮﻜﻟاو ﻒﻨﻌﻟا ةدﺎﻳز ﱃإ ﻮﻋﺪﺗ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗو ﻢﻴﻠﺴﺘﻟاو ةﻼﺼﻟا بﺎﻫرﻹاو بﺎﻫرﻹا تﺎﻴﻋاﺪﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻳو ،تﺎﻧﺎﻳﺪﻟا عﺎﺒﺗأ ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎﻘﺘﺣﻻا
Sufyan
with
bin
between
Abi
Muawiyah
the
and
agreement
al-
ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻮﻫو ،نﺎﻳدﻷاو تﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ راﻮﺤﻟاو ﺢﻣﺎﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ًﻻﺪﺑ Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate ﻟا بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻦﻴﺑ دﺎﻀﻤﻟا
."ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻌ
issue
alike,
the
times
debate:
modern
The
old
continued
in
and
to
be
succeeded
ﻞﺑ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻦﻳﺪﻠﻟ ةﺰﻔﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ قﻮﻘﺤﻟاو دوﺪﺤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻄﺨﺘﻳ
remained
at
the
or
the
of
succession
center
caliphate
Muslim
of
by the latter.
discussion, لود ﻦﻣ ترﺪﺻ ﻲﺘﻟا لﺎﻌﻓﻷا دودرو ،ءﺎﻌﻤﺟ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻺﻟو
debate, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
- ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
.ةﺮﻴﺧﻷا ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻳﺮﺼﺗ هﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻗأ ﺪﻌﺗ -ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﻴﻏو ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
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