Page 22 - issue-25-fr

ÉLITE FRANÇAISE N
NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020

قاروأ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺣ

ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳأ , ﺪﻌﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻔﻴﻧ.د.أ :ﻢﻠﻘﺑ*

ً
ﱃإ ﺮﺸﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺗﺮﺒﺧ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺎﻀﻳأو ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻂﺳو ﻪﺒﺘﻨﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ﻲﻛ ةرﺎﻴﺴﻟا ةﺬﻓﺎﻨﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا جﺎﺟﺰﻟا رارز ﲆﻋ ىﻮﻠﺳ ﺖﻄﻐﺿ
ﺎﻬﻟﻮﺣ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻫ وأ ةﺮﻛاذ ﻼﺑ ةأﺮﻣا ﱃإ لﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﺎﻬﻗاروأ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻧأ نﺄﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﺴﻳ ﱃإ ﺲﻟﺎﺠﻟا ﻚﻟذ سﺎﻔﻧأو ﺎﻬﺳﺎﻔﻧأ ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا رﺎﺨﺒﻠﻟ
ﺎﻬﺣﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺢﺒﺻأو ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻟا لود ﻲﻓ نوﺪﺒﻟا ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﺎﻣ ﱃإ يﺪﺠﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺷ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﲆﻋ ﻰﺳأ ﺮﻄﻘﺗ ﺔﻣﺎﺴﺘﺑا ﺖﻘﻠﻌﺗ .جرﺎﺨﻟا ﱃإ بﺮﺴﺘﻳ
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا يﺮﺠﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺢﺘﻔﻳ .ةﺎﻴﺤﻟاو ﺮﻔﺴﻟاو ﺔﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟاو يدﺎﻨﻟاو ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻔﺻ ﻪﻟ نأ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻫرﺎﺴﻳ ﱃإ ﺲﻟﺎﺠﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ يﺪﺠﻣ ﻒﺼﺗ ﻲﻫو
ﺔﻧاﺰﺨﻟا بﺎﺑ ﺪﺻﻮﻳو ﺔﻤﻣﺆﻤﻟا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﺴﻴﺒﺣ ﺎﻫﺪﻴﻌﻳ ﻢﺛ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﺗﺮﻳ جﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﲆﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺳر ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﺋاوﺪﻟا ﺖﺣار . «ﺎﻬﺟوز » ﻲﻫ
ً
ً
.حﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟﺎﺑ تﻮﺼﺑ ﺖﻤﺘﻤﺗ ،ﻞﻔﺳأ ﱃإ جﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﻖﻟﺰﻧا ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺎﺌﻴﺸﻓ ﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﻲﻔﺘﺨﺗ
ﺲﻤﺨﻟ ةﺪﺘﻤﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻘﻟا ءﺎﻔﺼﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﻲﻓ
ً
ً
:لﻻد ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﺗ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣأ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ةﺮﺸﻋ :ﺾﻴﻔﺧ
؟ﻲﻗاروﺄﺑ ﻚﻌﻣ ﻆﻔﺘﺤﺗ اذﺎﻤﻟ تدﺎﻋأو ،ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﺋاوﺪﻟا لﺎﺼﻔﻧا ﺖﻗو نﺎﺣ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻫ
:بﺎﻀﺘﻗا ﻲﻓ دﺮﻳ نﺎﻛو .ﺖﺧﺮﺘﺳاو ﻒﻠﺨﻟا ﱃإ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﻘﻣ
ﺎﻬﻤﻬﺘﻳ هدر نأ ﱃإ ﻪﺒﺘﻨﺗ ﻢﻟ .ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ِ ﻚﻟ ﻆﻓﺎﺣﻷ
ً
.ﺮﻴﺼﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻨﻤﺿ
ﻲﻓ ﻞﺻﻷﺎﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ لوﻷا ﻮﻫ مﻮﻴﻟا حﺎﺒﺻ يﺪﺠﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺧ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ
ﻂﻄﺨﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ حﺎﺒﺼﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ نأ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﻦﻴﺑو ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ىﻮﻠﺳ فﺮﺘﻌﺗ ﻒﻨﻋﻷا ﻮﻫ فﻼﺨﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ .فﻼﺨﻟا ﻮﻫ ﺔﺑﺮﻄﻀﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ
يﺪﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻗاروأ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺖﺒﻠﻃ ﻦﻴﺣ ﺔﻘﺛاو ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻬﻧأو ،ﻦﻣز ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟ Islamic caliphate ﺻأ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻪﻓﻼﺧ نﺎﻛ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻒﻨﻋﺄﻓ .ﺎﻤﻬﺨﻳرﺎﺗ ﻲﻓ
كﺮﺘﺗ نأ ﲆﻋ ﺮ َ
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of
1920s,
the
the
in
this
reviving
around
debate
حﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﻪﻨﻣ دﺮﺘﺴﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ سﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺗو ﲆﻋ بﺮﻀﺗ ﺎﻬﻧأ
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has concept ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ةرﺎﻴﺳ يﺮﺘﺸﺗ نأ ﺾﻓر ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو ،دﻻوﻸﻟ غﺮﻔﺘﺗو ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
and
the
title
of
the
stopped.
’t
Muslims
of
hasn
Caliph
ﺮُﺤﺑ
the ً
.ﺎﻫﺪﻴﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺼﻋ ﺬﺧﺄﺗو ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻣز نﻷ ﺎﺒﻀﻏ طﺎﺸﺘﺳا ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو ،ﻪﻳأر ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻟ رﺮﺒﻣ ﻻ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻣ
2018-2020
engendered much disagreement and debate among Muslims – However, passage of time and the strong winds of change in
رﻮﺼﺘﻳ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ قﺮﺸﻟا لﺎﺟر ﻢﻈﻌﻤﻛو
whether ً masses ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺟوز ﺔﻤﺼﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ نأ يﺪﺠﻣ of ً .ﺮﻴﺧﻷا ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻣ ﺔﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ لﺄﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
intellectuals
ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟ ادﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ .ﺎﻫﺪﻳ – as the issue of succession or the direction establishing modern civil states dimmed this
or ﻻ
ﲆﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻳ ﺎﻤﺋاد ﻮﻫ
ً
Muslims ﻟ لاﺆﺴﻓ ،يﺪﺠﻤﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺮﻴﺠﻔﺗ ﺎﻫرﺎﻴﺘﺧا
ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﻠﻌﻣ ﻞﻈﻴﺳ نﻵا اذﺎﻤ و ﻮﻫ ﻪﺿرأ ﱃإ ﺔﻛﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻞﻘﻨﺗ نأ ﻲﻓ ﺖﺤﺠﻧ ةﺮﻣ ﻻو ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺿرأ
“khilafah. ” The who had emigrated to Madinah debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
ً
.ً
(“muhajiroonوأ مﻮﻴﻟا وأ ﺲﻣأ ﺔﻬﺟاﻮﻤﻟا ترﺎﺘﺧا ﻲﻫ ءاﻮﺳ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻗر their goal of reviving the caliphate. ﻼﺻأ لوﺎﺤﺗ ﻢﻟ ﻲﻫ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻗﻼﻋو ﻪﺳﺎﻧ
ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻓ اﺪﻏ
نﺎﻴﺿاﺮﺘﻳ ﺎﻧﺎﻛ تاﺮﻤﻟا ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓو
”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
.ﻪﻟ ﻊﻀﺨﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻞﺑ نﺎﻴﺿاﺮﺘﻳ ﺎﻧﻮﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻻ ،ﻂﺳو ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺪﻨﻋ
Prophet ﻊﻤﺠﺘﺴﺗ نأ ﻮﻫ ﻪﻴﻟإ جﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛو ،ﺔﻴﺗاﻮﻣ تﺎﻗوﻷا Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
فاﺮﻃأ
this
discuss
“ansar
to
rushed
”)
and
Islam
embraced
(
when ﻦﻤﺛ ﻊﻓﺪﻟ ةﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ نأو ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺎﺠﺷ concept? ﻪﺘﺒﺤﺼﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﺗ ،ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻒﺼﻧو ﺪﻬﺟ ﻒﺼﻨﺑ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ
among
constant
Muslims
the
view
majority
of
The
سﺎﻨﻟا
issue, مﻼﻛو ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا :ﺎﻫراﺮﻗ Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the ﻲﻓو
which
settled
was
ﺎﻬﺗﺮﻴﺟو ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻢﻴﻘﺗ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻳوﺎﺸﻣ ﱃإ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﺐﻫﺬﻳو ﻮﻫ ﻪﺗرﺎﻴﺳ
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻳرﺎﻨﻜﻟا ﺮﻴﻓﺎﺼﻋ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻣﺮﺤﻟاو ةﺮﻣ لوﻷ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗو known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
position and was the first to hold the title of successor of the
ﲆﻋ ةردﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻧأ تﺪﺟو حﺎﺒﺼﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓو ،ءﺎﺟﺮﻟاو ىﻮﻜﺸﻟا ﺎﻬﻌﻣ لدﺎﺒﺘﺗ diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice ﺎﻬﺘﻗاﺪﺻو
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other title of ،ﺎﻬﻴﻗﺂﻣ ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺠﺤﺘﻤﻟا عﻮﻣﺪﻟا ةرﺎﺘﺳ ﺖﻟﺪﺴﻧا .هاﻮﻫ ﲆﻋ
.ﻚﻟذ ﲆﻋ ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﺳﻮﺗ وأ ،ىﺪﺤﺘﺗ نأ ﺎﻫﺮﻇﺎﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺖﺒﺠﺤﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻤﻋ تﺎﺤﻔﺻ ﻦﻣ ةﺮﺸﻋ ﺲﻤﺧ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﺗ ﻲﻫو
ىﻮﻠﺳ ﺖﻄﻐﺿ as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
successor of God “khalifat al-Allah, ” we see that the Quran
ﺎﻫرﻮﻌﺷ ﻞﻗو ءاﻮﻬﻟا دﺪﺠﺘﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا جﺎﺟﺰﻟا رارز ﲆﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ following نأ جﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﻦﻜﺗ ﻢﻟ ،تارﺎﻴﺴﻟاو باوﺪﻟاو سﺎﻨﻟا ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
’s
the
Prophet
laying
of
foundations
the
method
of
ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻫاﺮﺗ
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
.قﺎﻨﺘﺧﻻﺎﺑ justice, rendering it a caliphate .ﺎﻫﺎﺴﻨﺗ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟ ،ﺐﻠﻗ ﺮﻬﻇ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻈﻔﺤﺗ
was
preserve
to
aim
whose
a successor of Allah or His shadow on Earth. And the second
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
ﺮﺠﻔﻳ فﻮﺳ حﺎﺒﺼﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻣ نأ ﻦﻗﻮﺗ ىﻮﻠﺳ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ءﻲﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻢﻏر ﻦﻜﻟ
caliph, Omar bin Khattab, refused to be described as such,
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
.يﺪﺠﻤﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ىﺮﺒﻛ ﺔﻣزأ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﺗﺬﺧﺄﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤﻟا بﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻋ ةرﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺖﻔﻗﻮﺗ caliphs as rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al- the ً
ﺮﻴﺴﻧﺎﺳﻷا بﺎﺑ ﺎﻜﺴﻤﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻈﺘﻨﻳ نﺎﻛ
ﻦﻣ يﺪﺠﻣ ﺎﻬﺑﺬﺠﻓ جوﺮﺨﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﻤﻫو ةرﺎﻴﺴﻟا بﺎﺑ ﺖﺤﺘﻓ ،ﺎﻫدوﺮﺷ order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻗ ﻪﻴﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﺖﺷﺎﺤﺗو ﺔﻘﺸﻟا بﺎﺑ ﺖﻘﻠﻏأ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺗدﺎﻌﻛ
mo ’mineen ” when he found that the title of successor of the
تدرو ﺎﻫاﺮﺴُﻳ تدﺮﺘﺳا ؟ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻟا نﺄﺸﺑ اذﺎﻣ :ًﻼﺋﺎﺳ ﺔﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻋارذ Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib. ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ :ﺔﻌﻨﻄﺼﻣ ةﻻﺎﺒﻣ ﻻ
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic
كﺮﺗ
.ﻲﻗاروأ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﻲﻨﻄﻋأ كﻮﺟرأ دﻮﻌﻧ
:ﺎﻫراﻮﺟ ﱃإ ﺲﻟﺎﺠﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻪﻌﻤﺴﻳ تﻮﺼﺑ ٍﺪﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as يﺪﺠﻣ
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
رادأ .ﺎﻫﺬﺧﺂﺳ شﺮﺘﻓا يﺬﻟا ﺔﺸﻫﺪﻟا ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ غﺮﻔﺗو ﺮﻴﺴﻧﺎﺳﻷا بﺎﺑ
referenced لاﺆﺳ ﲆﻋ دﺮﺗ ىﻮﻠﺳ تدﺮﻄﺘﺳﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻬﺟو
ﻲﻓ ﺖﺿﺎﺨﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣأ ،ﺔﻘﻳﺬﻗ ﻪﻧﺄﻛ ةرﺎﻴﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻄﻧاو ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟا حﺎﺘﻔﻣ
hence, the divine right to rule that Europe knew during the the ﺪﻳرأ :ﺎﻬﻴ be ﻪﺣﺮﻄﻳ ﻢﻟ as an example of the application of
model
to ﻠﻋ
نأ
.ﺄﺒﻌﺗ ﻢﻟو رﺬﻘﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻄﻟا ءﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺴﻧﺎﺳﻷا ﺐﻠﻃ دﺎﻋأ ؟يد ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ،ﻲﻗاروأ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﻲﻌﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ
Middle Ages never made its way into Islamic thought save for
ىﺪﺣإ ﻦﻣ ﱃﺪﺘﺗ ﺔﺑﺮﺘﻣ ﺔﺘﻓﻻ ﱃإ ﺖﻌﻠﻄﺗ
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
ً
was ﺐﺘﻛ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻠﻄﻤﻟا فﺮﺸﻟا .ﺎﻓﺮﺣ ﻻدﺎﺒﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻢﺛ ﻪﻔﻠﺧ ﻲﻫو ﻪﻠﺧدو ةﺪﺋاز ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻋ
exceptional but it never an integral concept of this
cases, ﻂﻘﺴﻳ
ﻲﻨﺴﺣ ﻂﻘﺴﻳ :ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ
beheadings from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
.ﺖﻤﺴﺘﺑﺎﻓ كرﺎﺒﻣ :قاروأ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﺼﺨﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻊﻤﺠﻳ يﺪﺠﻣ نﺎﻛ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ
thought.
ﺔﻠﻔﻄﻛ ﺖﻀﻛرو ءﻲﺷ ﻻ ﻦﻀﺘﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻋارذ ﺖﻤﺿ
History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤﻟا هﺎﺠﺗا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﻣﻷا تﻻﺎﺼﻳإ ،يدﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ،ﺔﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﻧرﺎﻛ ،رﻮﺒﺳﺎﺒﻟا
with the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
تاراﺮﻗ ،ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا تادﺎﻬﺷ ،ﺔﻘﺸﻟا ﻪﻳﺮﺘﻧأ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue
Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate to be succeeded
..ﻲﻟاﻮﺨﻟا مﺎﻳﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺑﺎﻄﺧ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺘﻟا
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim ﻲﻓﺮﺤﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ءﻲﺷ ﻞﻛ
by the latter.
.ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻟ
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
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