Page 11 - issue-25-fr

ELITE Vol.1 No.25, Nov. 2020
ÉLITE FRANÇAISE N
NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020

بﺎﺒﺸﻟا ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻣ (ﻲﺴﻧأ ﺎﻨﻴﻣ)ـﺑ ﻲﻘﺘﻠﻧ

ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﻔﻜﻧاﺮﻔﻟا

ﺔﻣﺎﺳأ ﺎﻧﺮﻴﻣ : ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹا
:ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ و ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ
ﺲﺳﺆﻣ ﻲﺴﻧأ ﺎﻨﻴﻣ بﺎﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻘﺘﻠﻧ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺒﻤﻓﻮﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﻬﺸﻳ

ﺔﻣﺎﺳأ ﺎﻧﺮﻴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا بﺎﺒﺸﻟا ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟ ﻖﺒﺳأ ﺲﻴﺋرو
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
him), ____________ وﺮﻤﻋ مﺎﻌﻟا ﻖﺴﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺎﻬﻤﺳﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﻻﻮﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ لوﻷا ﺎﻬﻤﺳﻮﻣ
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon no other issue has
concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
.ﻖﻴﺘﻋ
جرﻮﺟ ﻒﻳزﻮﺟ : ﻖﻴﺴﻨﺗ
engendered much disagreement and debate among Muslims – However, the passage of time and the strong winds of change in
ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺳﺄﺘﺑ اﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺒﺷ ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳاﺪﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
____ 2018-2020
whether intellectuals or masses – as the issue of succession or the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
ةﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻢﺗ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا قﻼﻄﻧا ﻞﻔﺣ ﺚﻴﺣ 2017 سرﺎﻣ
debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
“khilafah. ” The Muslims who had emigrated to Madinah
.2016 ﻒﺼﺘﻨﻣ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ
،ﻲﻫ ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ فﺪﻬﻟاو ﺔﻳؤﺮﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
their goal of reviving the caliphate.
(“muhajiroon ”) and the natives of the city who had supported the َ
سراﺪﻤﻟا بﻼﻃ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺺﺨﺸﻟا ءﺎﻨﺒﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻷا ،ًﻻوأ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻦﻋ لﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﻮﻫ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺲﻴﺋر نﻮﻜﻳ ،ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ،لوﻷا ﻢﺳﻮﻤﻟا
Prophet and embraced Islam ( “ansar ”) rushed to discuss this Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
concept? ﻦﻴﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﻞﻜﻟ حﺎﺘﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻞﺑ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ
was
assumed
the
settled
Abu
Bakr
when
al-Siddiq
issue, which .ةدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻟا تﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ نﺎﺠﻟ ءﺎﺳؤر The constant view among the majority of Muslims
“ahl ﻦﻴﺑ ﺰﺟاﻮﺤﻟا ﺮﺴﻛ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،مﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻢﺗو
تﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
known
as
رﺎﻜﻓﻷا ﻪﻴﻓ اﻮﺼﺤﻔﺘﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺐﻳرﺪﺗ ﲆﻋ
position and was the first to hold the title of successor of the
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا
تﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻣو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﺛﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ يأ
ﺔﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا ىؤﺮﻟا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ رﺎﻴﺘﺧاو ﺔﺣﺮﺘﻘﻤﻟا
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other title of
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began byﺛﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا
ﻖﻠﻐﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ نأ ﺪﺠﻧ ﺚﻴﺣ ىﺮﺧأ تﺎﻐﻠﺑ ﻦﻴ
Quran
the
that
successor of God “khalifat al-Allah, ” we see .ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻳﺎﻌﻤﻟاو
.اًﺪﺟ
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
ﺮﺒﻤﺘﺒﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﻴﻗأ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ لوأ ﻊﻣ أﺪﺒﻧو
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
ﱃإ ﻢﺴﻘﻣ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﻓ ،لوﻷا ﺎﻬﻤﺳﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻳاﺪﺒﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
a successor of Allah or His shadow on Earth. And the second
ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻲﻫ ﱃوﻷا ؛ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ تاﺪﺣو وأ نﺎﺠﻟ ﺲﻤﺧ
ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ فﺪﻬﻟا نﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟاو "لدﺎﺠﻤﻟا" ﻰﻤﺴﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ 2017
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
ﻲﺛﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو مﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ راﻮﺤﻟا وأ لاﺪﺠﻟا ةرﺎﻬﻣ
caliph, Omar bin Khattab, refused to be described as such,
ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎًﻳأ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ يأ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻲﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا ىﻮﺘﺤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﺗ
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
ﻞﺼﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﺗ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻤﺑ ﺖﻬﺘﻧا ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹاو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al- who ً
.ﺮﻬﺷأ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا مﻮﻴﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﺎﻬﺗﺪﻣ
caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, were, in
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا
ءاﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻘﺑﺎﺴﺘﻤﻟا مﻮﻘﻳ نأ ﲆﻋ ﻦﻴﺘﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟا
mo ’mineen ” when he found that the title of successor of the
ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟا دراﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﻤﺘﻬﺗ نﺎﺘﻠﻟاو ﻦﻴﺘﻤﻀﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﺗﺪﺣو ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ
order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
ﺖﻧﺎﺳ" ﺔﺳرﺪﻣ زﻮﻔﺑ ﺖﻬﺘﻧاو ،ﺎﻬﺘﻐﻠﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻞﻛ ،ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ تﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
ﻢﺘﻬﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟا دراﻮﻤﻟا نأ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻤﻬﻤﺿ ﻢﺗو ،تارﺪﻘﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑو
"ﺪﻴﺘﻧا نﺎﺟ
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
ﺔﺳرﺪﻣو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا سراﺪﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ
.لوﻷا مﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تارﺪﻘﻟاو تارﺎﻬﻤﻟﺎﺑ
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﺘﻓ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺎﻣأ
hence, the divine right to rule that Europe knew during the
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ،اًﺮﻴﺧأو ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ةﺪﺣو ﻲﻫ ﺔﻌﺑاﺮﻟاو ،تﺎﻴﺘﺴﺟﻮﻠﻟاو
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ "ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫاﺮﺑﻻا نﺎﻜﺴﻴﺴﻧاﺮﻓ نﺎﺳ" the model to be referenced as an example of the application of
for
Middle Ages never made its way into Islamic thought save .ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻻا
ﻦﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟاو مﻼﻋﻹا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺔﺼﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﺴﻣﺎﺨﻟا
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
"ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟا" ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﺗﺄﺗ
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this
.هﺮﺧآ ﱃإ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺘﻟاو ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ مﻼﻋﻹاو ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺪﻟﺎﺑ
يد مادﺮﺗﻮﻧ" ﺔﺳرﺪﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﻴﻗأ ﻲﺘﻟاو beheadings from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
نأ ﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﻨﻫو
thought. "نﻮﻴﺳ
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ فﺪﻬﻟا نﺎﻛو 2017 ﺮﺑﻮﺘﻛأ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺎﺑ
ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا نأ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟاو ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ قﺮﻔﻟا
History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا بﺮﺤﻟا ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﺗ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻤﺑ ﺖﻬﺘﻧاو ةدﺎﻴﻘﻟا ةرﺎﻬﻣ ﲆﻋ with the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
ﺎﻤﺑ مﻷا ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﻲﻫو ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ تﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ةدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا نﺎﺠﻠﻟا
ﺔﻟود ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ ؛قﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue
ﻲﻓ تﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻣ ﺲﻤﺨﻟا وأ نﺎﺠﻟ ﺲﻤﺨﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ ﺖﺗأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻧأ
caliphate
the
to
be
succeeded
Ali
bin
Hassan
giving
former
the
ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ةدﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا بﺮﺤﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﻢﺗو .ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ by the latter.
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
10