Page 7 - issue-25-fr

ÉLITE FRANÇAISE NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020
N

و ﺔﻱﺒﻨﺟﻴا تﺎﻐﻠﻟﺎﻛ) ﺞﻰﺮﺨﻟا ﻯﻓ ﺔﻱﻓﺎﺿإ ﺎﻪﺮﺒﺘﻌﻧ ﺎﻨﻛ ﻯﺘﻟا تارﺎﻫﻤﻟا

لﻬﺧﺪﻟ ﺎﻫﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻶا ﺐﺠﻰ و ﺔﻱﻫﻰﺪﺑ نﻲا ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ (ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟا تارﺎﻫﻣ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟا قﻬﺳ

.ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ءﻮﺴﻴﺳ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ وأ ءﻲﺸﺑ مﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﺐﺠﻳ ﺐﻌﺸﻟا عﺎﻨﻗﻹ ﻪﻧأ ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ىﺮﻳو
نأو ﺪﺑﻻ ﻮﻤﻨﻧ ﺎﻨﻧأ ﺎﻤﺑ ﻪﻧأ ﺪﻛﺆﻳو
.ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ثﺪﺤﻴﺳ ﺎﻤﻟ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﻂﺑﺎﻀﻟا ﻪﻧﻷ ؛ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻧ ﺎﻤﺑ ،اًداﺪﻋأ قﻮﺴﻟا دادﺰﻳ اﺬﻬﺑو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ نﻮﻠﺒﻘﻴﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﺒﺤﻳو ﻢﻬﻌﻨﻘﻳ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ
تﺎﻴﻧﻮﻳﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻣزﻷا نأ ىﺮﻳ ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﲆﻋو Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
عﺎﻄﻗ هﺮﻓﻮﻳ يﺬﻟاو "ةﺮﻜﺑ شﺎﻌﻣ" ﻰﻤﺴﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺧﻷا عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﻢﻬﻴﻓ
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of
ﺚﻴﺣ ﻖﻠﻘﻠﻟ ةﺮﻴﺜﻣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻹا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا قﻮﻔﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
.رﺎﺧدإ قوﺪﻨﺻ ﺔﺑﺎﺜﻤﺑ بﺎﺒﺸﻠﻟ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا
be
issue
has
Mohammed
no
him),
(peace
other
upon
Prophet
ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧأ ﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻟﺎﺤﻟا يﺮﺼﻤﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺎﻀﻳأ ثﺪﺤﺗو
2
2018-2020018-2020
–
engendered much disagreement and debate .ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻻا قﻮﻔﺗ نﻮﻳﺪﻟا نأ However, :ً the passage of time and the strong winds of change in
Muslims
among
ﱃإ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﺼﻴﻟ ﻞﻴﻔﻛ اﺬﻫو
ﻪﺗﺎﻴﻋاﺪﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻠﺠﻋو ،ﺎﻧورﻮﻜﻟا ﺔﻣزأ ﻞﺒﻗ اًﺮﻫﺎﻇ نﺎﻛو ،رﺎﺠﻔﻧا ﺔﻄﻘﻧ the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﻬﺸﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﻣزﻷا رﺎﺛﻵ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ
intellectuals
or
of
whether
or
the
issue
as
succession
–
masses
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ جوﺮﺧو ﻦﻴﺼﻟاو ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟا بﺮﺤﻟا debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
ﺎﻬﻧأ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟا 2008 ﺔﻣزأ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ سوﺮﻴﻓ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟاو
who
The
Muslims
Madinah
”
emigrated
“khilafah.
to
had
ضﺮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ،نﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﲆﻋ ءﺐﻋ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ؛ﻲﺑوروﻷا دﺎﺤﺗﻻا their goal of reviving the caliphate.
ﺖﻘﻠﻄﻧا ﻢﺛ ﺔﻴﺤﺻ ﺔﻣزﺄﻛ تأﺪﺑ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﻣزﻷا ﺎﻣأ ،كﻮﻨﺑ ﺔﻣزأ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ
”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
(“muhajiroon
ﺔﺛﺎﻐﺘﺳا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻌﺟ ﺎﻤﻣ ؛ﻦﻳﺪﻤﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺬﻘﻨﺗ نأ ،ﺎًﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
.تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﻛو ةﺪﻌﺻﻷا ﻞﻛ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻣزأ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻟ
”)
(
embraced
Islam
“ansar
rushed
and
discuss
to
this
Prophet
ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ َﺮﻧ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻨﻧﻷو
.ﺬﻘﻨﻣ نود ﻦﻜﻟو
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎ ً ﻴﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ،ثﺪﺤﻴﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻗﻮﺗ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﻼﻓ نﻷا ﻰﺘﺣ
issue, which was settled when Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
ﻪﻧأ ﻮﻫ ﺪﻴﺣﻮﻟا ﻞﻣﻷا نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻤﺑر ﻦﻜﻟو ،اًءﻮﺳ ﺮﻣﻷا ﺪﻳﺰﺘﻟ ﺎﻧورﻮﻜﻟا ﺖﺗأو known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
ﻲﻓ ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةﻮﻗ نأ هﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟو ﻦﻣو ،ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗو رﺎﻈﺘﻧا
hold
first
the
of
the
to
position
successor
title
the
and
of
was
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
اﺪﺣاو ﺎﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻳ نأ ،تﺎﻋزﺎﻨﻤﻟاو تﺎﻋاﺮﺼﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﻃإ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﻊﺿو ﻢﺗ اذإ ﻪﻧأ ﺚﻴﺣ ،نﺎﻜﺴﻟا دﺪﻋ
prophet
”
Concerning
of
“khalifat
other
title
the
al-rasul.
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
وأ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﺛآ ﲆﻋو ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟاو ﺔﻣزﻷا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ جوﺮﺨﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺪﻗ اًﺪﺟ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﻌﻓاد ةﻮﻗ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺳ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓو ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟا
we
”
Quran
that
the
see
successor
al-Allah,
of
God
“khalifat
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻴﺤﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﺟﺄﺗ ﲆﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻰﺘﺣ .ﻪﻴﻟا لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻦﻴﺼﻟا ﺖﻋﺎﻄﺘﺳا ﺎﻣ ﱃإ لﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﺎﻧﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
ﺾﻌﺑو
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
.ﻞﺣ ﱃإ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا
a successor of Allah or His shadow on Earth. And the second ﻲﻫ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا
نأ ﺪﺣأ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻻو ﺎﻴﺑﺎﺒﺿ لازﻻ ﺮﻣﻷا نأ ﻒﻴﻀﻳو
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺶﻴﻌﻳ نﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا نﻷ ،ثﺪﺤﻴﺳ ﺎﻣ فﺮﻌﻳ ﻪﻧأ ﻲﻋّﺪﻳ era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four،ﺔﺒﻠﻘﺘﻣ
described
Omar
as
caliph,
to
refused
such,
be
bin
Khattab,
لود ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗأ ﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻟاز ﻻو ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﺄﺗ
.ﺎﻧورﻮﻜﻟا ﻞﺧﺪﺘﺑ اًءﻮﺳ ﻊﺿﻮﻟا دادزا ﻢﺛ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﺛﻵ ﺐﻗﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ لاﺰﻳ ﻻو
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al- were, ىﺮﺧأ
who ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ
ﻲﻓ
caliphs ﺺﻘﻧ ﺎﻬﻳﺪﻟو ،يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ناﺰﻴﻤﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ in
“rashidun
caliphs,
”
rightly-guided
the
as
ﻲﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا نأ ﻲﻫو بﻼﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﺟو ،اًﺮﻴﺧأو order ﺘﻧ لوﺪﻟا ﲆﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ،تادراﻮﻟاو تاردﺎﺼﻟا ﻊﺿو
ﺔﺠﻴ
mo
of
”
when
’mineen
of
title
the
that
he
found
successor
the
Khattab,
al-Siddiq,
bin
Omar
Abu
succession,
Bakr
of
هﻮﺳرد ﺎﻤﻟ ﻢﻬﺗدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺋاﺮﺛو ﺎﻬﺗﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﲆﻋ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺐﺘﻜﻟا Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib. ﺔﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻟ
long.
any
too
prophet
the
In
of
successor
was
Islamic
case,
ﺮﺼﻣ نﻷ اًﺮﻴﺒﻛ اًﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﻦﻟ
.ﺐﺘﻜﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ
thought has :ً rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
تارﺎﻬﻤﻟا نإ ﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﻢﻬﺗارﺎﻬﻣ ءﺎﻨﺒﺑ اﻮﻤﺘﻬﻳ نﺄﺑ ﻢﻬﺤﺼﻧو .اﺬﻬﺑ اًﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺎ ً ﻘﻠﻌﺗ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻟازﻻ
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ نﻵا ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿإ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا the ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟ اًﺪﺟ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ تﺎﻳﺪﺤﺗ دﻮﺟو ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧأ ﻢﻏرو
rule
the
right
to
divine
during
that
Europe
knew
the
hence,
of
model
to
be
referenced
an
of
example
as
application
the
ﻦﻣ اًﺮﻴﺒﻛ اًءﺰﺟ نوﺮﺴﺨﻴﺳ ﺎﻬﺑ اﻮﻤﺘﻬﻳ ﻢﻟ نإو ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا قﻮﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳأ Islamic ﻦﻟ اﺬﻫ نﺈﻓ ،ﻢﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﺔﻋارﺰﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟاو ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا عﺎﻄﻗو
Ages
Middle
its
way
never
made
into
save
for
Islamic
thought
مﻮﻘﻳ values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
.صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺮﻴﻏ فﻻآ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟا ةﺰﻴﻤﻟا
ﺔﻳرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳ
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this beheadings ﻻا هرﺎﻜﻓأو ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ تارﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﺖﻟازﻻ يأ ،ﻢﻬﻠﻴﻄﻌﺘﺑ
ﻪﻧأ ﺪﻛأو from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
اﻮﻧﻮﻜﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ تارﺎﻬﻤﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا تاﻮﻨﺳ اﻮﻠﻐﺘﺴﻳ نأو ﺪﺑ ﻻ .ةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﺳﻮﺘﻟاو
thought.
books
ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﺑ have narrated the events of this strife that ended
History ىﺮﺧﻷا تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﻮﻋﺪﻳو
جﺮﺨﺘﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ اوأﺪﺑ نإ ﻪﻧﻷ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا قﻮﺴﻟ ﻦﻴﻠﻫﺆﻣو ﻦﻳﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ with ﻔﻗﻮﺗ نإ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ،ﺔﻣزﻷا هﺬﻫ رﺎﺛآ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ
ﺖ
al-
and
Sufyan
bin
between
the
Muawiyah
agreement
Abi
.ﻢﻬﻘﺒﺳ ﻦﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ نﻮﻜﻴﺳ Hassan bin Ali ﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻣزﻷا ءﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ رﻮﻄﺘﻟاو ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﻢﻟو
ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻬﻬﺟاﻮ
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue
succeeded
be
to
the
giving
former
caliphate
the
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
by the latter.
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
6