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ÉLITE FRANÇAISE NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020
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ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻠﻟ صﺎﺧ راﻬﺣ ﻯﻓ ﻦﻱﻣﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻀﺑﺎﻘﻟا ﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺲﻱﺋر , ﻯﻨﻱﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻱﺴﻟا

ﻯﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺲﻜﻋ ﻮﻠﻋ , ﻦﻱﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ

هدﻬﻫﺟ دﻬﻘﻰ يﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻚﻨﺒﻟﺎﻛ ﻯﺣور بأ ﻩﻛﻹﺘﻣا مﺪﻋ,

ﺔﻣﺎﺳأ ﺎﻧﺮﻴﻣ و يﺪﺠﻣ ﻲﻣار : ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا

:ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ و ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
ﻮﻀﻌﻟ
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of Islamic ا ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺸﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻘﺘﻠﻧ ﺮﻤﺜﻣ ءﺎﻘﻟ ﻲﻓ
فﺮﺸ hasnﺲﻴﺋرو بﺪﺘﻨﻤﻟا
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has
title ﺔﻀﺑﺎﻘﻟا ﺮﺼﻣ ةرادإ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ
the
concept ﺘﻨﻟ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻠﻟ of the Caliph of Muslims ’t stopped.
and
and ﺔﻣﺎﺳأ ﺎﻧﺮﻴﻣ
engendered much disagreement debate among Muslims – However, ﺬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻤﻟا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا راﺪﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻟا ﻪﺗﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﺑ
time
and
the
passage
of
the
in
winds
strong
of
change
مﻮﻴﻟا
____________ 2018-2020
.نﻵا ﻰﺘﺣو ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﻪﻗﺎﺤﺘﻟﻻ لوﻷا
whether intellectuals or masses – as the issue of succession or the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ تأﺪﺑ
debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺮﻴﻧ : ﻪﻌﺟار
“khilafah. ” The Muslims who had emigrated to Madinah
ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ نﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﻷ ؛ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ًﻼﻬﺳ رﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻا نﺎﻛو ،ﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻴﻌﺑرأ ﻦﻣ
____
(“muhajiroon ”) and the natives of the city who had supported the their goal of reviving the caliphate.
ً
Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
Prophet and embraced Islam ( “ansar ”) rushed to discuss this .%92 عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻗﻮﻔﺘﻣ نﺎﻛو ،ﺔﻴﺑدﻷا ﺔﺒﻌﺸﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺣ
ﺔﻤﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻬﻧﻮﻜﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ قﺎﺤﺘﻟﻻا رﺮﻗو
concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
issue, which was settled when Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the
known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
ﻪﻴﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﺮﺧآ نﺎﻜﻣ يﺄﻛ ﺎﻬﺑﻼﻃ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا نأ ىﺮﻳو
position and was the first to hold the title of successor of the ﻪﻤﺴﺣ ﺎﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﻦﻴﺑو ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ددﺮﺗ ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻌﺷ ﻲﻓ
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
.ﻞﻤﻌﻟا نﺎﻜﻣو ﺔﺳرﺪﻤﻟاو ﺖﻴﺒﻟﺎﻛ صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﻦﻣ هﺮﻴﻏ ﻊﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻦﻣ نأ ىﺮﻳ ﻪﻧإو -
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other title of "ﺔﺒﻘﻟا" ﻞﻀﻔﻳ ﻪﻧإ ﻪﻟ ًﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺣ ﷲ ﻪﻤﺣر–هﺪﻟاو
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺴﺘﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﺗو
successor of God “khalifat al-Allah, ” we see that the Quran ﺐﺤﻳ نﺎﻛو ،ﺔﺒﻘﻟا ﺖﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ جﺮﺨﺘﻳ نأو ﺪﺑﻻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺮﺨﺘﻳ
ً
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
ﻦﻳﺬﻟا صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻞﺜﻣ ؛ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﲆﻋ هﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗو مﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺲﻜﻋ ﲆﻋ ،هﺮﻐﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ اًﺮﻫﺎﻣ ﺎﺋرﺎﻗو اًﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻔﻇﻮﻣو بﻼﻃو ةﺬﺗﺎﺳأ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻳ
a successor of Allah or His shadow on Earth. And the second ﻪﺗﺎﺳارد ﻢﺗأ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو ،ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﺤﺘﻟا اﺬﻟ ؛ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا ﻪﻨﻋ فﺮﻌﻳ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ يﺬﻟا
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
أﺰﺠﺘﻳ ﻻ اًءﺰﺟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﻞﺧاد طﺎﺒﻀﻧﻻا ﻞﻜﺸﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺎﻬﺳرﺪﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا
caliph, Omar bin Khattab, refused to be described as such, .ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
.ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﲆﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al-
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺖﻧﺎﻛو ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺎﺑ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻄﺑﺮﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻃ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣو
mo ’mineen ” when he found that the title of successor of the
order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
ﺎﻬﻧﺈﻓ ،اًﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻣأ ةﺮﺳﺄﻛ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻛﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟا بﻼﻄﻟا
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib. نﻷ ؛ﻦﻳﺪﻴﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺗﺎﻗﻼﻋ
دﺪﻌﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﲆﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺳو ،ةﻮﻔﺻ ﻢﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﺑﻼﻃ ﺮﻌﺸُﺗ لاﺰﺗ ﻻو ﺖﻧﺎﻛ Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth; ﻢﻟو ،ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ بﺮﻘﺘﻟا صﺮﻔﺑ نﻮﻈﺤﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﻢﻫ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﺔﻟاﻮﺠﻟا
ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺲﻴﻟ ،ىﺮﺧﻷا تﺎﻴﻠﻜﻟا فﻼﺧ ﲆﻋ بﻼﻄﻟا ﻦﻣ دوﺪﺤﻤﻟا model to be referenced as an example of the application of
hence, the divine right to rule that Europe knew during the the ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷا ﺾﻌﺑ كﺎﻨﻫ نأ ﺮﻴﻏ ،ﺎ ً ﻣﻮﻳ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷا هﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ اًءﺰﺟ ﻮﻫ ﻦﻜﻳ
ﻲﻓ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺎﻬﺳرﺪﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ ﻞﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
Middle Ages never made its way into Islamic thought save for Islamic ،نﻵا ﻰﺘﺣ ﺮﻴﺨﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻫﺮﻛﺬﻳو ةﺪﺸﺑ ﻪﺋﻼﻣز ﻲﻓو ﻪﻴﻓ اوﺮﺛأ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا
هﺮﻌﺸﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻨﺘﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﻓ سرﺪﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا نأ فﺎﺿأو ،ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا beheadings occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this from بﻼﻄﻟا نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﺤﻣ وﺮﻤﻋ رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻬﺒﻨﻣ
،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷا ةدﻮﺟ ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻫﺎﺳو ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻟاو ﺔﻗﺎﻧﻷاو ﺔﻗﺎﺷﺮﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺎ ً ﻘﻳﺮﺑ books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
thought. History ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا ةﺬﺗﺎﺳأ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﻟ ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷو ﻪﺑﻮﻠﺳأ نﻮﺒﺤﻳو ﻪﻧﻮﺒﺤﻳو
هﺮﻌﺸُﻳ وأ روﺮﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺮﻌﺸُﻳ نأ ﺎﻣإ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﻳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا هﺬﻫ with نﺎﻛو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﺪﻴﻤﻋ ،ﻰﺴﻴﻋ يﺮﻴﺧ رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأو
ﻪﻟ
bin
Sufyan
Abi
between
Muawiyah
the
agreement
and
al-
ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻪﻧأ ىﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻪﻘﺗﺎﻋ ﲆﻋ هﺎﻘﻠﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻤﻟا رﺪﻘﺑ Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate to be succeeded
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue .ﻢﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺪﻤﺣأ رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻖﻧور
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
يأ ؛لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻا ةرﺎﻬﻤﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ نأو ﺪﺑﻻ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟا by the latter.
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
4