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ÉLITE FRANÇAISE NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020
N

ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ,ﺎﻧورﻬﻛ ﺔﻣزأ ﻯﻠﻋ ﻖﺒﺳﻴا , ﺔﻱﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا نﻬﻰﺪﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻓ

هذﺎﻘﻧﺈﺑ ﺔﻟﻬﺨﻤﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﻯﻠﻋ و ﻯﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻸا ﻯﻠﻋ اﺮﻄﺧ

- ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ بﻼﻄﻟا دﺪﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺘﻠﻟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗو اًﺪﻴﺟ ًﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴ ُ ﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ
ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗو ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺤﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ جرﺎﺧ ءﻲﺸﺑ
ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧو ؛ يدﺎﻴﻗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟا ةرازﻮﻟ ﺔﻛﻮﻠﻤﻤﻟا كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﻻا ﻮﺤﻣو ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ ةﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻳأ دوﺪﺤﻤﻟا
.ﺎﻴﺠﻳرﺪﺗ
ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﻄﺧ دﻮﻘﻳ نأ عﺎﻄﺘﺳاو ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟ ﻲﺣوﺮﻟا بﻷا ﻮﻫ ﺢﺒﺻأ Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this ً
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of
2004 ﻲﻓ تأﺪﺑ ﻲﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا اﺬﻫ
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has ﺎًﻌﺒﺘﻣ ﻪﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳأ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ ﻲﻨﻴﺤﻟا ﻞﺳﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻤﻳ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﲆﻋو
حﻼﺻﻹا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺖﺟرﺪﻧاو ، concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
ً
strong ﻲﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ" ﻞﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺮﻃﺎﻘﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﻌﺑرﻷا كﻮﻨﺒﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺳاو ،ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﻚﻨﺒﻟا ﻊﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا However, the ﻪﻴﻨﻌﻳو " of time and the ،ﺎﻓﺮﺣ winds of change in
2018-2020
among
–
ﺎﻣأ ،ةﺪﺸﺑ
Muslims
passage اًﺪﺒﻋ ﻪﻟ تﺮﺻ
much
and
engendered
disagreement
debate
ﺮﺜﻛأو اًﺮﺜﻌﺗ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ نإو ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ؛كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﺐﺤﺴﺑ مﻮﻘﺗ the ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ لوﺄﻛ ،ﻰﻨﻬﻣ ﺮﻤﻋ ذﺎﺘﺳﻸﻟ ﻦﺘﻤﻳ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﲆﻋ
or
or
intellectuals
the
direction
of
issue
–
succession
masses
as
this
dimmed
establishing
states
modern
civil
whether
of
نإ ﻢﺛ ﻦﻣو ،ﻢﻫﺮﺒﻛأ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟو ،اًﺪﺟ ﺔﺌﻴﺳ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا debate ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺮﻳزو ،نﺎﻄﻠﺳ داﺆﻓ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأو ،ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا
political
groups
Islamist
while
a
for
emerged
with
until
had
The
Muslims
“khilafah.
”
who
ﻖﺒﺳأ
Madinah
emigrated
to
.ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻟا ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا راﺪﻣ ﲆﻋ صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺮﻴﻏو
ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺪﻌﺑو ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑو ؛ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻟا حﻼﺻإ ﻢﻬﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻬﺣﻼﺻإ اﻮﻋﺎﻄﺘﺳا their goal of reviving the caliphate.
”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
(“muhajiroon
تﺎﺼﺼﺨﻣ ةﻮﺠﻓ ﻪﻳﺪﻟ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا لﻮﺤﺗ ،تاﻮﻨﺳ ﺮﺸﻋ Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
discuss
this
Islam
rushed
”)
“ansar
to
(
and
Prophet
embraced
ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ نﺎﻛ نإو ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻀﺑﺎﻘﻟا ﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نأ ﻒﻴﻀﻳو
.2015 ﻲﻓ ﺢﺑر ﱃإ ﻪﻴﻨﺟ رﺎﻴﻠﻣ 100 ﻲﻟاﻮﺤﺑ 2004 مﺎﻋ
issue, which was settled when Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
ﻢﻫﺎﺴﺘﻓ ،ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ جرﺪﻨﺗ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﻻإ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا ﻮﻫ
ﻲﺣور بأ ﻪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ ،ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﻟا ﲆﻋو ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ ﺎﻣأ known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
was
successor
of
first
of
hold
to
the
and
the
title
the
position
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
ﻪﻳﺪﻟ ﻞﺑ ،ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ يﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻚﻨﺒﻟا ﻪﺑ مﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﺑ مﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻮﻤﻧو يﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﻮﻤﻨﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ ﻊﻓرو ،ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟا لﻮﻤﺸﻟا ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗو ﻢﻋد ﻲﻓ
other
“khalifat
Concerning
”
the
title
prophet
al-rasul.
of
صﺮﻓ ﻖﻠﺧ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻻا ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
ﺪﻴﺣﻮﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺲﻴﻟ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا نﻷ عﺎﻄﻘﻟﺎﺑ ضﻮﻬﻨﻟا ﱃﻮﺘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﺑﺎﻗر ﺔﺌﻴﻫ
al-Allah,
”
“khalifat
successor
God
Quran
that
the
see
of
we
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
.ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏ ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ جرﺪﻨﻳ ﺎﻤﻧإو ،ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﺗ يﺬﻟا
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺗ ﻲﻓ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻼﻟ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ةﺪﻋﺎﻗو ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿإ ﻞﻤﻋ
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
ً
ﻪﻳﺪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ نﻮﻛ ﻦﻣ أﺪﺒﺗ ،ﻪﻳأر ﻲﻓ ،تﺎﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟﺎﻓ ،اذإ ﺪﻌﺗ تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻚﻠﺗو ،رﺎﺧدﻻاو رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻا لﺪﻌﻣ ﻊﻓرو ،تﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟا
second
successor
And
the
on
Earth.
shadow
Allah
of
or
a
His
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
ﻞﺜﻣ ،عﺎﻄﻘﻟﺎﺑ ضﻮﻬﻨﻠﻟ تاراﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ هذﺎﺨﺗا ﺐﺠﻳ ﺎﻣ رﺮﻘﺗ ىﺮﺒﻛ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ وأ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ يأ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗو ﻢﻋد ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻲﻛو ؛ﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ تﻻﺪﻌﻤﻟا ﻒﻌﺿأ ﻦﻣ
as
described
be
Omar
Khattab,
caliph,
such,
to
refused
bin
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻠﻟ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟ ﺖﻌﺿو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻄﺨﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻊﻤﺠﻳ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ يﺬﻟا ،ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ ﻢﻋد ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑ ﻻ ﻢﻬﻌﻴﻤﺟ
al-
title
of
instead
believers
“amir
the
of
for
the
prince
opting
caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ جرﺪﻨﻳو .ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟأ كﻮﻨﺑ بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳاو ةﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟا تﺎﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻨﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺤﻟا أﺪﺒﻣ وأ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻢﻬﻴﻟإ ﻒﻴﻀﻳو طﺎﻘﻨﻟا
when
mo
’mineen
found
successor
the
of
title
that
the
”
he
of
order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
prophet ً .ﻪﻠﻤﻛﺄﺑ ﺐﻌﺸﻟا
Islamic
case,
successor of the .ىﺮﺧﻷا تﺎﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟاو ءﺎﻴﺷﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻋ يﺪﺤﺘﻟا
any
In
too
was
long.
ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﻜﻓ ،اذإ Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
ﺔﻬﺟ ﺔﺒﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﺔﻟوﺎﺤﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ؛ﺔﻳدﺮﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﻮﺒﻠﻄﻳ عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﺤﻳ
has
on
thought
God
of
the
notion
shadow
’s
Earth;
rejected
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
ﻻو لﻮﻣﺄﻤﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﲆﻋ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ نأ ىﺮﻳو
ﺔﺣﺎﺗإ وأ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ تﺎﻛﺮﺷ ءﺎﺸﻧإ ﺔﻟوﺎﺤﻣ وأ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺮﻣأ ﻞﺟﻷ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ the model to be referenced as an example of the application of
hence,
the
that
the
during
Europe
divine
rule
right
knew
to
ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻊﻴﺳﻮﺗ ﺔﻟوﺎﺤﻣ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺮﺒﻛأ ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا نأ ﺪﺠﻧ ،نﻵا ﱃإو تاﻮﻨﺳ ﺮﺸﻋ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ ﺬﻨﻤﻓ ،حﻮﻤﻄﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﲆﻋ
Ages
Middle
its
made
never
Islamic
into
way
thought
for
save
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
%0,8 ﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﻢﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻹا ﲆﺤﻤﻟا ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ
ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﻦﻴﺠﺘﻨﻣ داﺪﻋأ ﻚﻠﻤﺗ ﺮﺼﻣ نأ لﻮﻘﺗ تﺎﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹا نﻷ ؛ﻦﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا beheadings from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
cases,
an
exceptional
it
this
but
never
was
of
ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ
integral
concept
%3 ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ
.بﺎﺒﺸﻠﻟ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻞﻤﻋ صﺮﻓ ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ ﺮﻓﻮﻳ ﺎﻣ ،نﺎﻜﺴﻟا داﺪﻋﺄﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ اًﺪﺟ History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
thought.
%2 ىﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑو بﺮﻐﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ
تارﺎﻣﻹاو ﺔﻳدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ
ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ؛نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻛ دﺪﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻐﺸﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا دﻼﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو
ﺢﻴﺘﻳ يﺬﻟاو ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻟا ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ فﺮﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ ﻞﺑ ﺐﺴﺣو اﺬﻫ ﺲﻴﻟ with the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
ﻪﻳﺪﻴﺑ ﺬﺧﺄﻳ ﻲﺣور بأ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻼﻓ ،ءﻲﺳ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻢﺗو ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻣﺄﺘﻟا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ءاﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ كﻮﻨﺒﻟا ءﻼﻤﻋ لﺎﺧدإ دﺮﻔﻠﻟ Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate to be succeeded
old
times
issue
debate:
in
continued
and
alike,
modern
The
the
.ﻲﻠﻫﻷا ﻚﻨﺒﻟا ﻊﻣ اًﺮﺧﺆﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﲆﻋ by the latter.
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim يﺬﻟا –يﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻚﻨﺒﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ مﺎﻗ يﺬﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺲﻜﻋ ،هزﺰﻌﻳو
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
5