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ÉLITE FRANÇAISE NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020
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ﻲﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺺﺨﺸﻟا ءﺎﻨﺒﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا ضﺮﻏ

َ
ﻢﻬﺘﻟﺰﻋ ﺮﺴﻛو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا سراﺪﻤﻟا بﻼﻃ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ

" ﺮﻛﺬﻧ ﺎﻤﻛ لرﺎﺷو ﻲﻨﻴﻠﻴﺳﻮﻣو ﺮﻠﺘﻫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻊﺒﺴﻟا ﺎﻬﺗادﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺿاو ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ةزرﺎﺑ

"
ﺎﺿر ﺪﻤﺤﻣ حﺮﻓ ﻪﺘﺴﺳأ ﻲﺘﻟا نﻮﻓﻮﻠﺠﻧﻷا ﻢﻟﺎﻋ عوﺮﺸﻣ
ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﻢﻴﻗأ يﺬﻟاو .ﻢﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳو لﻮﺟ يد
/د ﺪﻴﻤﻌﻟا فاﺮﺷإ ﺖﺤﺗ
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﻴﻗأ ﻲﺘﻟاو "ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟا وأ ﻊﻳﺬﻤﻟا" ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻪﺗﺮﻜﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛو ﻞﻴﻋﺎﻤﺳا دﻮﻤﺤﻣ يرﺪﻗ Islamic caliphate in the 1920s, the debate around reviving this
2017 ﺮﺒﻤﺴﻳد ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﲆﻋ
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has ﱃإ فﺪﻬﻳ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟاو
ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا مﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﲆﻋو concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
،ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ﻦﺳ ﻲﻓ سراﺪﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ضﺮﻌﻟا تارﺎﻬﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ لوﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺘﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا اودارأ ﻢﻬﻧأ ﻻإ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﺛﺪﺤﺘﻤﺑ However, the passage of time and the strong winds of change in
2018-2020
disagreement
and
debate
among
–
engendered
much
Muslims
ﻦﻜﻟو ةءاﺮﻘﻟا ﲆﻋ دﻮﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻫ ﺔﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا فاﺪﻫﻷا ﻦﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛو
of
succession
or
issue
–
as
the
whether intellectuals or masses – ﻦﻴﺘﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﻴﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ اًﺮﻈﻧ the direction of establishing modern civil states dimmed this
ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧأو – ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑو ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ .ﻪﺑ مﺎﻴﻘﻟا اﻮﻌﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﺮﺼﻘﻟ
قﺮﻓ ﱃإ ﻢﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﺑ ﺖﻬﺘﻧاو
ﻲﻫو ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا نود ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
تﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ،ﺮﻴﻐﺻ بﺎﺘﻛ ةءاﺮﻘﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ مﻮﻘﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺔﻴﺋاﻮﺸﻋ
Madinah
Muslims
to
“khilafah.
had
”
emigrated
The
who
عوﺮﺸﻣ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻢﺗ سﺎﺳﻷا اﺬﻫ ﲆﻋو ؛ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا their goal of reviving the caliphate.
ﺚﺤﺒﻟاو ةءاﺮﻘﻟا ﲆﻋ دﻮﻌﺘﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﺿﺮﻋو ﻪﺼﻴﺨﻠﺗو ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ
”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
(“muhajiroon
.ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا هﺬﻫ حﺮﺸﺑ مﻮﻘﻳ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ
.لﺎﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﲆﻋ فﺮﻌﺘﻟاو ﺺﻴﺨﻠﺘﻟاو
Prophet and embraced Islam ( “ansar ”) rushed to discuss this Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻞﻤﺸﻳ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ نﺎﻛو
اﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟا ﻊﻳرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻤﺿ هﺬﻫ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا تﺎﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
،ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺟ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ نﺎﺗﺪﺟاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣأو ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
issue,
assumed
settled
which
al-Siddiq
Bakr
when
Abu
the
was
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﲆﻋ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﺒﺳإ ﱃإ مﺎﻳأ ﺔﺴﻤﺧ وأ ﺔﻌﺑرأ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﺘﻤﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺎﻬﺑ
ﻢﺛ ،ةدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺑ ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺖﻤﺘﻫا ،اﺬﻬﻟ known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
position
first
the
to
of
the
title
successor
hold
and
the
was
of
diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice .ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ
بﺮﺣ كﺎﻨﻫ نأ اوﺮﺒﺘﻋاو ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا لود ىﻮﻗأ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻴﺧ ﺮﻤﺗﺆﻤﺑ اﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻊﻳرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺧآ ﻦﻴﻋوﺮﺸﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻜﻟو
”
the
prophet
title
“khalifat
of
Concerning
al-rasul.
other
ﻲﻫ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﺗﺪﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛو ﻲﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا بﺎﺒﺸﻟا ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
ﲆﻋ نﺎﻛو ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺛرﺎﻛ دﻮﺟو ﻦﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ باﻮﺑﻷا ﲆﻋ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻋ
“khalifat
we
al-Allah,
that
of
”
God
the
see
successor
Quran
.ﻞﻣﺎﻛ مﺎﻌﻟ ﺎﺗﺪﺘﻣا ،ﺎﻣ فوﺮﻈﻟ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻜﻟو ﺮﻬﺷأ ﺔﺴﻤﺧ
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
.ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ رﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻا ﻦﻴﻛرﺎﺸﻤﻟا
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻴﻗأ يﺬﻟا "ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا لدﺎﺒﺘﻟا" عوﺮﺸﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻬﻟوأ
مﺎﻌﻟ اﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺪﻗ نﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ناﺬﻫ نﺎﻛو
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
And
the
Earth.
second
on
a successor of Allah or .2019 ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻊﻣ ﻰﻬﺘﻧاو 2018 ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻊﻣ أﺪﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ
shadow
His
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا لدﺎﺒﺘﻟا ﱃإ فﺪﻬﻳ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟاو ءﺶﻨﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻊﻣ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
كﺎﻨﻫ نﺎﻛو ،ﺎﻬﺑ اﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺲﻤﺨﻟا تﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ هﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛو
such,
bin
to
as
refused
described
Omar
caliph,
Khattab,
be
سراﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا ؛تﺎﻓﺎﻘﺛ ثﻼﺛ
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
ﺔﻳﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا ﻊﻣ هﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ نأ ضﺮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛ ﺮﺧآ ﺎًﻋوﺮﺸﻣ
the
for
title
of
“amir
opting
believers
instead
al-
the
of
prince
ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا سراﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻔﻗﺎﺜﻟا ،ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا
caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹاو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ؛تﺎﻐﻟ ثﻼﺜﻟﺎﺑ ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻢﻣﻷا ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ" عوﺮﺸﻣ ﻮﻫو
’mineen
”
mo
the
when
of
successor
title
found
the
that
of
he
.ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷا سراﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟاو
order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
"ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟاو
اﺬﻫ نﺎﻛو
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic
12 ﻦﺳ ﻦﻣ بﻼﻄﻟا ﻢﻀﻳ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا
ﻲﻓ تﺎﺌﻴﻬﻟا ﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣ تﺎﺌﻴﻫ ﺲﻤﺧ ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ نأ ﲆﻋ Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا بﻼﻃ يأ ﺔﻨﺳ 16 ﱃإ
.ﻞﻤﺘﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻢﻣﻷا
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
– ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا لوﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻢﻬﻟ نﻮﻣﺪﻘﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻳداﺪﻋﻹا
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
ﺎﻤﻫﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟ ةردﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺢﻤﻄﺗ ناﺮﺧآ نﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻤﻟ ةﺮﻜﻓ ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ كﺎﻨﻫ نﺎﻛو the model to be referenced as an example of the application of
to
right
knew
rule
hence,
the
divine
Europe
during
the
that
.مﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻴﺑوروﻷا لوﺪﻟا ﻦﻋو - ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟأو ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑو ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ
ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟ عوﺮﺸﻣ لوﻷا ؛ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻬﻟ ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻜﻟو
into
for
save
Islamic
made
way
Ages
its
thought
never
Middle
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
.ﻦﻴﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﻹﺎﺑ ﺺﺘﺨﻳ نﺎﻛ ﺮﺧﻵاو
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this beheadings from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
ﻢﺘﻳ نأ ﲆﻋ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻠﻟ ﺎ ً ﻘﻓو تﺎﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ثﻼﺛ ﱃإ بﻼﻄﻟا ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻢﺗو
راﺪﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا مﻮﻴﻟا تﺎﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻦﻴﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ اﻮﻛﺮﺘﺷا ﺎﻤﻛ History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
thought.
.ﺎﻬﻧﻮﻠﺜﻤﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ
ﻲﻓو
ىﺪﺣﻹ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﻳرﺪﻨﻜﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﺲﻗﺮﻣرﺎﻣ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻛ ﻊﻣ ،لوﻷا ﻢﺳﻮﻤﻟا with the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
بﻼﻄﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻖﻟﺄﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا لوﺪﻟا تﺎﻧﺎﻤﻟﺮﺒﻟ هﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﺖﻤﺗ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟا
.ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺒﻟا ةرﺎﻔﺴﻟا ﻊﺒﺘﺗ ﺎ ً ﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻰﺘﻟاو تارﺎﻔﺴﻟا
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue
ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗو بﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺐﻠ ُ ﻃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺘﻟا قﺎﻓ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ
ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻊﻣاﻮﻛﺮﺘﺷا ﺎﻤﻛ Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate to be succeeded
ﻲﻠﺋﺎﻋ مﻮﻳ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ ﻮﻫو 2017 ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ ﻲﻓ "ﺾﻌﺑ ﻊﻣ" ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ءﺶﻨﻟا by the latter.
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
.ءﺶﻨﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻟ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻟود ﻦﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ضﺮﻋو
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
11