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ELITE
ÉLITE FRANÇAISE NUMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020UMÉRO 11, NOVEMBRE 2020
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اﺬﻫ مﻮﻘﻳ ﺮﺧآ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يأ ﺖﺤﺗ جرﺪﻨﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻو ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا بﺎﻌﻟﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺎﺑ اﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ يﺮﺳﻷا ﻂﺑاﺮﺘﻟا ﱃإ فﺪﻬﻳ
.ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗو ،ﺎًﻳﻮﺳ ةﺮﺳﻷا داﺮﻓأ ﺐﻌﻠﻳ نأ ﲆﻋ رﺎﻐﺼﻟاو رﺎﺒﻜﻟا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ
ﺚﻴﺣ ﻲﻘﻳﺮﻓﻷا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﻮﻫ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا
ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﻹا دﻼﺒﻟا نأ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎ ً ﻀﻳأ ﻦﻴﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﻻﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا اودارأ لدﺎﺒﺘﻟا" عوﺮﺸﻤﻟ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗو ءﺶﻨﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا
ً
.ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺛﺪﺤﺗ دﻼﺒﻟا "ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا
ﻊﻳرﺎﺸﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا لوﻷا ﻢﺳﻮﻤﻟا ﻰﻬﺘﻧا اﺬﻬﺑو .ﺎﻬﻌﻣ كاﺮﺘﺷﻻﺎﺑ هﻮﻣﺎﻗأ يﺬﻟا
.ﻪﺗﺎﺌﻴﻫ دﺪﻌﺘﻟ اًﺮﻈﻧ ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻢﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺨﻟا ﺲﻜﻋ ﲆﻋ 2019 ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ﻲﻓ
ﻮﻫ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا
ً
ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺔﺻﺎﺧو تارﺎﻀﺤﻟاو ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﺪﺣاو مﺎﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ﻞﻛ ةﺪﻣ دادﺰﺗ ﻻأ ﻪﻟ ﻂﻄﺨﻣ ﻮﻫ
.ﺮﺧآ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يأ ﺖﺤﺗ جرﺪﻨﺗ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ .ﻢﻬﺘﻳاﺪﺑ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺣ ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ﻪﺒﻠﻄﺗ
ﻢﺘﻬﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا
ﻪﻟﻮﺻأو ﻦﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟاو ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ةدﺎﻳرو ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻢﺗو داﺪﻋﻷا تدادزا ﻪﻴﻓو 2019 ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﻢﺳﻮﻤﻟا أﺪﺑو
.هﺮﺧآ ﱃإ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻔﻟاو ﺔﻴﺒﻄﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا .ﻪﻋاﻮﻧأو
The starting point: since the first moments following the death of Islamic ﻦﻴﺗﺪﺣو ﱃإ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺎﻨﺛﺪﺤﺗ نأو ﻖﺒﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ
ﺎﻤﻫو
the
caliphate
in
1920s,
around
reviving
this
debate
the
يدﺎﻧ ﻢﻫو ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا نوﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳﺪﻧﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﻢﻬﻳﺪﻟ نأ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺖﺳ ﻢﻬﻳﺪﻟ ﺢﺒﺻأ اﺬﻬﺑو ،ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟا دراﻮﻤﻟا ةﺪﺣوو تارﺪﻘﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑ ةﺪﺣو
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), no other issue has concept and the title of the Caliph of Muslims hasn ’t stopped.
ضﺮﻌﻟا يدﺎﻧو ﻞﺻاﻮﺘﻟا يدﺎﻧو ﺔﺿوﺎﻔﻤﻟا يدﺎﻧو ةدﺎﻳﺮﻟا يدﺎﻧو لاﺪﺠﻟا winds ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ تاﺪﺣو
2018-2020
.نﺎﺠﻟ ﺖﺳ
engendered much disagreement and debate among Muslims – However, the passage of time and the strong of change in
.عاﺪﺑﻹا يدﺎﻧو ﺔﺑﺎﻄﺨﻟا يدﺎﻧو modern نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻢﺳﻮﻤﻟا ﻊﻣو
of
establishing
whether intellectuals or masses – as the issue of succession or the ﻪﻠﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺗ ﻦﻜﻟو ءﺪﺒﻟا ﻚﺷو ﲆﻋ civil states dimmed this
direction
) ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ةﺮﺸﻋ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ضﺮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛ ،ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ ﺔﺤﺋﺎﺟ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ
ﻢﻟ ﻪﻨﻜﻟو سراﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اودارأ ﺮﺧآ طﺎﺸﻧ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ debate for a while until political Islamist groups emerged with
“khilafah. ” The Muslims who had emigrated to Madinah
.( ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟاو ﻊﻳرﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ رﺎﻜﻓأ ﻊﺿﻮﺑ مﻮﻘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺞﻣاﺮﺒﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ
.ﺎﻧورﻮﻛ ﺔﺤﺋﺎﺟ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﻜﻳ their goal of reviving the caliphate.
(“muhajiroon ”) and the natives of the city who had supported the
ﻦﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫ لوﻷا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا
تﺎﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اودارأ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﺮﻴﺧﻷا ﻢﺴﻘﻟا ﺎﻣأ Therefore, what is the true nature and historical evolution of this
Prophet and embraced Islam ( “ansar ”) rushed to discuss this
.هﺮﺧآ ﱃإ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻓﻮﻜﻧﺮﻓ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣو دﻼﺑ
.ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣو ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳر تﺎﻴﻣﻮﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺴﻟا concept? The constant view among the majority of Muslims
issue, which was settled when Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the ﻢﺘﻬﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا
"ﻦﻳﻼﻧوا" تﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻞﻛ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣإ ﺔﺳارد ﺎ ً ﻴﻟﺎﺣ ﻢﺘﻳو known as “ahl al-sunna ” is that the caliphate was a form of
position and was the first to hold the title of successor of the دﻼﺒﻟاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا فﻼﺘﺧا ﻊﻣ لوﻷا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ ﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺎﺑ
حﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻮﻫو "ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟا" ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻮﻫ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا .تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟاو
.ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻫﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻦﻜﻟو ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻻا ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺒﻋ diligence exercised by Muslims via their consultation and choice
prophet “khalifat al-rasul. ” Concerning the other title of
ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ نﺈﻓ اﺬﻟ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ جرﺪﻨﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻣ ةﺮﺜﻛو ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻤﺸﻟ اًﺮﻈﻧ
as the Prophet had not named a successor. And this era began by
successor of God “khalifat al-Allah, ” we see that the Quran
following the Prophet ’s method of laying the foundations of
addressed Mohammed as a messenger and a prophet but never as
justice, rendering it a caliphate whose aim was to preserve
a successor of Allah or His shadow on Earth. And the second
religion and manage worldly affairs according to it. Thus, this
caliph, Omar bin Khattab, refused to be described as such,
era came to be known as the rightly-guided caliphate and its four
opting instead for the title of prince of the believers “amir al-
caliphs as the rightly-guided “rashidun ” caliphs, who were, in
mo ’mineen ” when he found that the title of successor of the
order of succession, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar bin Khattab,
successor of the prophet was too long. In any case, Islamic
Uthman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib.
thought has rejected the notion of God ’s shadow on Earth;
Although the historical narrative settled on describing this era as
hence, the divine right to rule that Europe knew during the
the model to be referenced as an example of the application of
Middle Ages never made its way into Islamic thought save for
Islamic values, this did not prevent sword fighting and
exceptional cases, but it was never an integral concept of this
beheadings from occurring leading to the Great Strife “fitna. ”
thought.
History books have narrated the events of this strife that ended
with the agreement between Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and al-
The continued debate: in old and modern times alike, the issue
Hassan bin Ali giving the former the caliphate to be succeeded
of succession or the caliphate remained at the center of Muslim
by the latter.
debate, discussion, thought and disagreement. Since the fall of
Muawiyah and the overturn of the caliphate into kingship:
the Ottoman Caliphate and the declaration of the end of the
Muawiyah reneged on his agreement with al-Hassan and seized
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